The Jewel of the Artificial Intelligence Crown
Natural Language Processing
Natural Language Processing (NLP) in science produces solutions to maximize human–computer interaction or strengthen communication between people using different natural languages.
Understanding natural language requires a comprehensive understanding of the outside world and applying and manipulating it. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is one of the essential topics of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Natural Language Processing (NLP) is one of the most challenging areas of Artificial Intelligence (AI), and there is intense research on it today. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is shown as a complete problem, as it contains many sub–problems, including understanding the functioning of the human brain. Today, Deep Learning, Machine Learning (ML), statistical analysis, and rule–based approaches are used in hybrid form to solve natural language processing problems. The problems studied can vary widely. Natural Language Processing (NLP) comes into play in every field that touches natural language, from correcting spelling mistakes to automatic translation systems, from language learning applications to personal assistant applications.
Virtual assistants such as Google Assist, Siri, and Alexa are among the most famous examples of Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications in our lives. Another use case for Natural Language Processing (NLP) is intelligent chatbots that help you solve problems while performing natural language generation.
In addition to these, there are many application areas of Natural Language Processing (NLP) that we encounter even in the tools we use every day, but that we probably do not even realize — for example, translating a message written in a different language on channels such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram into your language, or text suggestions when filtering unwanted emails into spam files, etc.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a discipline in which computational sciences (especially Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)) and linguistics are used together. Technologies such as the chatbot we are talking about on the bank site today, the commands we give to the assistant on our phone, the translations we make in Google/Microsoft translate, and the prediction of the next word by our phone while writing a message are the result of Natural Language Processing (NLP). In addition, text mining, which has been very popular recently, is also included in Natural Language Processing (NLP). For example, we can process and make sense of the thoughts that accumulate in piles on the internet, thanks to text mining. Apart from that, Natural Language Processing (NLP) is used in speech recognition. Technologies such as speech recognition and automatic lip–reading assist the hearing impaired and surveillance.
How Is Natural Language Processing Applied
Natural Language Processing (NLP) processes differ from language to language. The computer first looks at the transformation of the word with the suffixes on the root; this is called Lexical. After that, it tries to understand what it means according to the order of the words in the sentence; this is called Syntax. Then he looks at what the sentence is trying to explain in essence; this is called Semantic. Finally, he uses pragmatics to examine what the sentences want to express. In summary, the computer learns the context of the speech by reading the root of the word, the ordering of the words separately, the meaning of the sentence and the speech, and extracts a sense from this speech.
- Root: This is a word root in and is expected to have a meaning.
- Stem: Stem means root in English.
- Lemma: Lemma is the morphological rooting of the word. For example, the lemma of the word “touchy” is “to take,” that is, we can define it as the dictionary equivalent of the basic form of the words.
- Stemming: Stemming is the name given to taking the word’s root. Stemming Natural Language Processing (NLP) varies according to the nature of the applied language.
There are three types of stemming algorithms, Snowball Stemmer, Porter Stemmer, and Lancaster Stemmer. All are available in Python’s NLTK library. Porter Stemmer is the oldest of them all, and to put it simply, he tries to find a common root by removing the common endings of the words he finds. Snowball Stemmer, an improved and more aggressive version of Porter Stemmer — also called Porter2 — runs faster, which is more used. On the other hand, Lancaster Stemmer is the most aggressive algorithm of them all, where it can sometimes find roots that don’t mean anything, but the good thing is that it’s more tamperable.
- Tokenizing: Tokenizing can be defined as breaking a sentence into smaller meaningful units. Depending on the tokenizer you use, parsing varies.
Word Tokenizer:
Splits the sentence into words.
Extracts the punctuation marks.
Separates the possessive “apostrophes” in English.
- Lemmatization: Lemmatization examines words morphologically. Lemmatization algorithms need a dictionary to work.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) Techniques
Natural Language Processing (NLP) applies two techniques to help computers understand texts: Syntactic Analysis and Semantic Analysis.
Syntactic Analysis
Syntactic Analysis or parsing; Analyzes the text using basic grammar rules to determine sentence structure, how words are arranged, and how terms relate to each other. Some of its duties are:
- Symbolization; consists of breaking a text into smaller parts called symbols (which can be sentences or words) to make the text easier to process.
- As part of speech tagging, its symbols are verbs, adverbs, adjectives, nouns, etc., as tags. This helps understand the meaning of a word.
- Lemmatization and rooting; reduce a word to its familiar basic form to facilitate analysis.
Semantic Analysis
The Semantic Analysis focuses on finding the meaning of the text. First, it examines the importance of each word (Lexical Semantics). The main subtasks of Semantic Analysis are:
- Elimination of ambiguity in the meaning of the word; tries to explain in what sense a word is used in a particular context.
- Relationship extraction; tries to understand how entities such as places, people, organizations, etc., are related to each other in the text.
Natural Language Processing (NLP), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML): What’s the Difference?
First of all, the main point to know is that Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Learning (ML) are subsets of Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a general term for systems that simulate human intelligence. Artificial Intelligence (AI) encompasses applications that mimic cognitive abilities such as learning from example and problem–solving. This covers many different applications, from driverless cars to forecasting systems.
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